“A relation in which various words have different (written and sound) forms but have the same or nearly the same meaning” is the definition of …
Antonymy
Homonymy
Polysemy
Sỵnonymy
“A situation where different words happen accidentally to have the same forms” is the definition of …
Antonymy
Homonymy
Polysemy
Sỵnonymy
“break a leg”, which is used for wishing someone good luck, especially before a performance, is an example of …
check_box idioms
collocations
“Break a leg”, which is used for wishing someone good luck, especially before a performance, is an example of …
Collocations
Idioms
“Cruel heart” is an example of …
Euphemism
Metonymy
Personification
Simile
“Expression of one's meaning by saying the direct opposite of one’s thoughts in order to be emphatic, amusing, sarcastic, etc.” is the definition of …
Irony
Metaphor
Simile
Synecdoche
“Hats” can be described as the marked or unmarked term?
Marked
Unmarked
“The individual meaning each word has in the system of language” is the definition of …
Grammatical meaning
Lexical meaning
“The property (of a word or lexeme) of having several different meanings” is the definition of …
Antonymy
Homonymy
Polysemy
Sỵnonymy
“The substitution of the name of one thing for that of another to which it is related/with which it is associated.” is the definition of …
Hyperbole
Irony
Metonymy
Simile
“the use of comparison of one thing with another” is the definition of …
hyperbole
irony
metaphor
simile
“The use of comparison of one thing with another” is the definition of …
Hyperbole
Irony
Metaphor
Simile
“The use of exaggerated statement that is made for special effect and is not meant to be taken literally” is the definition of …
Hyperbole
Irony
Metaphor
Synecdoche
“Words that are opposite in meanings” is the definition of …
Antonymy
Homonymy
Polysemy
Sỵnonymy
A linguistic expression has a constant reference when …
It refers to different referents
It refers to one and the same referent
Analyze the predicates in the following sentence using the inherent verbal features [±STATIVE] [±DURATIVE] [±TELIC] [±VOLUNTARY]:Julia's mother was crying.
[+STATIVE] [+DURATIVE] [–TELIC] [–VOLUNTARY]
[–STATIVE] [+DURATIVE] [+TELIC] [–VOLUNTARY]
[–STATIVE] [+DURATIVE] [–TELIC] [–VOLUNTARY]
Analyze the underlined noun in the following sentence, using the inherent features of nouns [±COMMON] [±COUNT] [±CONCRETE] [±COLLECTIVE]:Have you made plans for tonight?
[+COMMON] [+COUNT] [–CONCRETE] [–COLLECTIVE]
[-COMMON] [+COUNT] [–CONCRETE] [+COLLECTIVE]
[-COMMON] [+COUNT] [–CONCRETE] [+COLLECTIVE]
Analyze the underlined noun in the following sentence, using the inherent features of nouns [±COMMON] [±COUNT] [±CONCRETE] [±COLLECTIVE]:He had the flu last week.
[+COMMON] [+COUNT] [–CONCRETE] [–COLLECTIVE]
[+COMMON] [–COUNT] [+CONCRETE] [–COLLECTIVE]
[+COMMON] [–COUNT] [–CONCRETE] [–COLLECTIVE]
At which level, remarried may be regarded a set of the four following semantic features?[+human], [± male], [used to be married], and [+married again].
Sentence level
Utterance level
Word level
Can different forms of the word share the same lexical meaning, but have different grammatical meanings?
No
Yes
Can two people hold an ordinary conversation without knowing the meanings of the words they are using?
No
Yes
Choose the best option to fill in the blank“… is the saying of something which is meaningful and can be understood.”
check_box A locutionary act
A perlocutionary act
An illocutionary act
Choose the best option to fill in the blank“…is the results or effects that are produced by means of saying something.”
check_box A perlocutionary act
A locutionary act
An illocutionary act
Choose the best option to fill in the blank“…is using a sentence to perform a function.”
check_box An illocutionary act
A locutionary act
A perlocutionary act
Closed-Class Words are included into …
Empty words
Full words
Consider the conversation and the analysis of the underlined utterance. Then decide whether it uses locution, illocution, or perlocution analysis:A: ‘Would you like a cup of coffee?’B: ‘Yes, please.’Analysis: A uttered ‘Would you like a cup of coffee?’, which can be semantically paraphrased as ‘Have a cup of coffee, please’, with “you” referring to B.
check_box Locution
Illocution
Perlocution
Consider the conversation and the analysis of the underlined utterance. Then decide whether it uses locution, illocution, or perlocution analysis:A: ‘Would you like a cup of coffee?’B: ‘Yes, please.’Analysis: The utterance may cause B (the hearer) to think A (the speaker) is more generous than she/he thought.
check_box Locution
Illocution
Perlocution
Consider the conversation and the analysis of the underlined utterance. Then decide whether it uses locution, illocution, or perlocution analysis:Son: ‘Can I go out for a while, Mum?’Mother: ‘You can play outside for half an hour.’Analysis: The mother performed the act of giving permission.
check_box Illocution
Locution
Perlocution
Consider the conversation and the analysis of the underlined utterance. Then decide whether it uses locution, illocution, or perlocution analysis:Son: ‘Can I go out for a while, Mum?’Mother: ‘You can play outside for half an hour.’Analysis: The utterance may cause the son to race out of the room, picking up his football on the way.
check_box Perlocution
Illocution
Locution
Consider the following conversation. Which type of speech acts does the underlined utterance refer to?A: ‘My cousin had his leg broken.’B: ‘I’m so sorry to hear that.’
check_box Expressive
Commissive
Declarative
Directive
Representative
Rotative
Consider the following conversation. Which type of speech acts does the underlined utterance refer to?Alice: ‘When will I receive my reimbursement?’Victor: ‘Authors always pay their debts.’ (= ‘I'll pay you back later.’)
check_box Commissive
Declarative
Directive
Expressive
Representative
Rotative
Consider the following conversation. Which type of speech acts does the underlined utterance refer to?George: ‘How about a dinner out?’Beth: ‘My essay is due tomorrow morning.’ (= ‘Leave me alone to write my essay.’)
check_box Directive
Commissive
Declarative
Expressive
Representative
Rotative
Consider the following conversation. Which type of speech acts does the underlined utterance refer to?Jack’s friend: ‘This beer is disgusting.’Jack: ‘Why don’t you learn to take the bad with the good?’
check_box Expressive
Commissive
Declarative
Directive
Representative
Rotative
Consider the following conversation. Which type of speech acts does the underlined utterance refer to?Minister of Education: ‘I resign.’Prime Minister: ‘You'll be free from tomorrow.’
check_box Declarative
Commissive
Directive
Expressive
Representative
Rotative
Consider the following conversation. Which type of speech acts does the underlined utterance refer to?Mom: ‘If you get good grades, I’ll buy you a new bike.’ Son: ‘Great, mom.’
check_box Commissive
Declarative
Directive
Expressive
Representative
Rotative
Consider the following conversation. Which type of speech acts does the underlined utterance refer to?Teacher: ‘There are only two seasons in the south: the dry season and the rainy season.’ Student 1: ‘Then, each season is exactly six months long?’Student 2: ‘Is there any transitional period between them?’
check_box Representative
Commissive
Declarative
Directive
Expressive
Rotative
Consider the following conversation. Which type of speech acts does the underlined utterance refer to?Tom: ‘Where are you from?’David: ‘I'm from Canada.’
check_box Rotative
Commissive
Declarative
Directive
Expressive
Representative
Consider the two following situations and answer the question:Situation 1:A (shop assistant): ‘What else do you want?’B: ‘That’s all, thanks.’Situation 2:A: ‘Mom, play with me please.’B: ‘I’m busy’.A: ‘Mom, play with me please.’B (shouting): ‘What else do you want?’In which situation can we consider the underlined utterance an expressive?
check_box Situation 2
Situation 1
Consider the two following situations and answer the question:Situation 1:A: ‘Is there any bend near here?’B: ‘There’s a bend ahead.’Situation 2:A: ‘There’s a bend ahead.’B (is driving): ‘Thanks for your timely warning’.In which situation can we consider the underlined utterance a directive?
check_box Situation 2
Situation 1
Consider the two following situations and answer the question:Situation 1:A: ‘Take this paper to the lady over there and ask for her signature.’B: ‘I beg your pardon. I didn’t hear what you said.’Situation 2:A: ‘You’ve taken my seat.’B: ‘Oh, I beg your pardon.’In which situation can we consider the underlined utterance a directive?
check_box Situation 1
Situation 2
Consider the two following situations and answer the question:Situation 1:A: ‘What does the sign say?’B: ‘Keep off the grass.’Situation 2:A: ‘How smooth the lawn is!’B: ‘Keep off the grass.’In which situation can we consider the underlined utterance a representative?
check_box Situation 1
Situation 2
Consider the two following situations and answer the question:Situation 1:A: ‘What’s the weather like today?’B: ‘It’s snowing’.Situation 2:A: ‘Could you go and post this letter?’B: ‘It’s snowing’.In which situation can we consider the underlined utterance a representative?
check_box Situation 1
Situation 2
Consider: “That girl is pretty/ rude/ ugly/ polite.” The relations between pretty/ rude/ ugly/ polite may be described as …
Combinatorial relations
Substitutional relations
Consider: “The dog/ cat/ chimpanzee bit me.” The relations between dog/ cat/ chimpanzee may be described as …
Combinatorial relations
Substitutional relations
Decide whether the following sentence is analytic, synthetic, or contradictory?A blue gas is colorless.
Analytic
Contradictory
Synthetic
Decide whether the following sentence is analytic, synthetic, or contradictory?A saw is a tool for telling the time
check_box Contradictory
Analytic
Synthetic
Decide whether the following sentence is analytic, synthetic, or contradictory?Bachelors are lonely.
check_box Synthetic
Analytic
Contradictory
Decide whether the following sentence is analytic, synthetic, or contradictory?Bachelors cannot form lasting relationships.
check_box Synthetic
Analytic
Contradictory
Decide whether the following sentence is analytic, synthetic, or contradictory?Cats are not fish.
check_box Analytic
Contradictory
Synthetic
Decide whether the following sentence is analytic, synthetic, or contradictory?If it breaks, it breaks.
Analytic
Contradictory
Synthetic
Decide whether the following sentence is analytic, synthetic, or contradictory?John killed Bill, who remained alive for many years after.
check_box Contradictory
Analytic
Synthetic
Decide whether the following sentence is analytic, synthetic, or contradictory?My brother is tall.
check_box Synthetic
Analytic
Contradictory
Decide whether the following sentence is analytic, synthetic, or contradictory?My brother is tall.
check_box synthetic
analytic
contradictory
Decide whether the following sentence is analytic, synthetic, or contradictory?My sister is jealous of me because I'm an only child.
check_box contradictory
analytic
synthetic
Decide whether the following sentence is analytic, synthetic, or contradictory?Some cats eat wool.
check_box Synthetic
Analytic
Contradictory
Decide whether the following sentence is analytic, synthetic, or contradictory?Some typewriters are dusty.
check_box Synthetic
Analytic
Contradictory
Decide whether the following statement is true or false:“Every word has one exact meaning.”
False
True
Decide whether the following statement is true or false:“Pragmatic meaning is context – dependent.”
False
True
Decide whether the following statement is true or false:“Semantic meaning is context-free.”
False
True
Decide whether the following statement is true or false:A sentence is a string of words put together by the grammatical rules of a language.
False
True
Decide whether the following statement is true or false:Propositions belong to particular languages.
check_box False
True
Decide whether the following statement is true or false:The same proposition can be expressed by different sentences.
check_box True
False
Decide whether the following statement is true or false:The same sentence can be realised by different utterances on particular occasions.
False
True
Decide which statement is true about (1)(1) A: Would you like a piece of cake?B: I’m on a diet
The pragmatic meaning of “I’m on a diet” in (1) is “I want to lose weight by eating the food which is not rich in fat, sugar, etc.”
The semantic meaning of “I’m on a diet” in (1) is “I want to lose weight by eating the food which is not rich in fat, sugar, etc.”
Decide which statement is true about (2)(2) A: Do you like the wine I picked out?B: It’s Italian, isn’t it?
The pragmatic meaning of “It’s Italian, isn’t it?” in (2) is “I don’t like the wine you picked out”.
The pragmatic meaning of “It’s Italian, isn’t it?” in (2) is “Is it right that the wine is made in Italy?”
Determine whether the following is the case of homonymy or polysemy.ear‘the organ for hearing’‘the seed-bearing spike of a cereal plant’
Homonymy
Polysemy
Determine whether the following is the case of homonymy or polysemy.horn‘a structure projecting from the head of an animal’‘a musical instrument’
Homonymy
Polysemy
Do “pavement” in British English and “sidewalk” in American English have the same sense?
No
Yes
Do the 2 sentences in the following pair share the same proposition?(a) Jack was injured by a stone.(b) Jack was injured with a stone.
No
Yes
Do the 2 sentences in the following pair share the same proposition?(a) John is the parent of James.(b) James is the parent of John.
check_box No
Yes
Do the 2 sentences in the following pair share the same proposition?(a) The fly was on the wall.(b) The wall was under the fly.
check_box No
Yes
Do the 2 sentences in the following pair share the same proposition?(a) The hunter bit the lion.(b) The lion bit the hunter.
check_box No
Yes
Do the 2 sentences in the following pair share the same proposition?(a) The tea is so hot that I can’t drink it.(b) The tea is too hot for me to drink.
check_box Yes
No
Do the following two English sentences (1) and (2) mean (approximately) the same thing?I’ll be back later I will return after some time
No
Yes
Do the sentences in the following pair show one-way entailment or two-way entailment?(a) Alan planted roses.(b) Alan planted flowers.
check_box One-way entailment
Two-way entailment
Do the sentences in the following pair show one-way entailment or two-way entailment?(a) Eliza plays the flute.(b) Eliza plays a musical instrument.
check_box One-way entailment
Two-way entailmfou
Do the sentences in the following pair show one-way entailment or two-way entailment?(a) The bear killed the wolf.(b) The wolf was killed by the bear.
check_box One-way entailment
Two-way entailment
Do the sentences in the following pair show one-way entailment or two-way entailment?I saw Ted at the party.It was Ted that I saw at the party.
check_box Two-way entailment
One-way entailment
Do the sentences in the following pair show one-way entailment or two-way entailment?The Jones sold their house to the Cruses.The Cruses bought the house from the Jones.
check_box Two-way entailment
One-way entailment
Does the Queen of Vietnam nowadays normally constant reference?
No
Yes
Give a sentence of the form N – V – N [+COUNT] [+PLURAL] which is an accomplishment.
Liz met many friends yesterday.
Liz was seeing movies yesterday.
Give a sentence of the form N – V – N [–COUNT] which is an activity.
Peter bakes a cake every day.
Peter does homework every day.
Give a sentence of the form N – V – N [UNCOUNT] which is an accomplishment.
Liz learned English yesterday.
Liz was learning English at 7 p.m. yesterday.
Give a sentence of the form N – V – PP which is an activity.
Liam is a teacher at ABC school.
Liam is tired of learning.
Liam works at home.
Give a sentence of the form N – V which is an activity.
Liam is a teacher
Liam is learning.
Liam is tired.
How many auxiliary verbs are there in the sentence “They are singing and dancing on the stage”?
1
2
3
4
How many determiners are there in the sentence “Some students were called to the principal’s office”?
2
3
4
5
How many empty words are there in the sentence “The holiday is already planned for July”?
2
3
4
5
How many full words are there in the sentence “The cat sat on the mat”?
2
3
4
5
How many full words are there in the sentence “The proprietor of the fish store was the sole owner”?
4
5
6
7
How many nouns are there in the sentence “The proprietor of the fish store was the sole owner”?
2
3
4
5
Identify the meaning of “broad” in the following sentence:Luckily, my boss is a man of broad views.
Clear, obvious or unmistakable
Large in size from one side to the other
Liberal, tolerant
Identify the meaning of “deep” in the following sentence:This is a deep well
Extending a long way from top to bottom
Far down in something
Taking in or going out a lot of air
Identify the presupposition(s) in the following utterance.‘Could you drive me to the airport?’The utterance presupposes that_________________________.
check_box The hearer already knows what the airport is and where it is located
The hearer has driven the speaker to the airport
The hearer is not aware that there is an airport
Identify the presupposition(s) in the following utterance.‘I am going to have a final examination in Semantics.’The utterance presupposes that_________________________.
check_box I haven’t taken the final examination in Semantics yet
I have taken the final examination in Semantics before
The hearer already knows where the examination is
Identify the presupposition(s) in the following utterance.‘I am so sorry. I am in a hurry and I can't answer your questionright now.’The utterance presupposes that_________________________.
check_box You've asked me a question
I have free time now
I’ve already answered your question
Identify the presupposition(s) in the following utterance.‘If only you had taken his offer.’The utterance presupposes that_________________________.
check_box You didn’t take his offer
I took his offer
You took his offer
Identify the presupposition(s) in the following utterance.‘Tom might find the chocolate cake in the kitchen.’The utterance presupposes that_________________________.
check_box There is a chocolate cake in the kitchen
There isn’t a chocolate cake in the kitchen
Tom has eaten the chocolate cake
Identify the presupposition(s) in the following utterance.‘You're late again.’The utterance presupposes that_________________________.
check_box you were late before
you have never been late before.
Identify the semantic features in each of the word “actress”.
[+Human], [+female], [+professionally artistic], [+abstract]
[+Human], [+female], [+professionally artistic], [+perform a role]
[+Human], [+male], [+professionally artistic], [+perform a role]
Identify the semantic features in each of the word “Chalk”.
[+Animate], [+limestone], [+soft], [+white or coloured], [+for writing or drawing]
[+Thing], [+limestone], [+soft], [+white or coloured], [+for writing or drawing]
[+Thing], [+limestone], [+soft], [+white or coloured], [+for writing or reading]
Identify the semantic features in each of the word “Chick”.
[+Animate], [+bird], [+fowl], [+fully grown], [±male]
[+Animate], [+bird], [+fowl], [−fully grown], [±male]
[+Animate], [+bird], [-fowl], [−fully grown], [±male]
Identify the semantic features in each of the word “fly”.
[+Animate], [+breastfeed], [+two wings], [+in and around houses]
[+Animate], [+insect], [+two wings], [+in and around houses]
[+Male], [+insect], [+two wings], [+in and around houses]
If one knows the meaning of a word, is one therefore necessarily able to produce a clear and precise definition of its meaning?
No
Yes
In “Bill said Alice would arrive soon, and she did”, “Alice” and “she” have …
Co- referent
Constant referent
Variable referent
In “Peter said Laura would win the game, and she did”, “Laura” and “she” have …
co- referent
constant referent
variable referent
In asking ‘What did John mean when he said he’d be back later?’ is the questioner mostly usually asking:
What JOHN meant in saying it.
What the SENTENCE I’ll be back later means
In what way are homonyms related to lexical ambiguity?
The lexical ambiguity of the sentence is caused by one homonym, with two slightly different but closely related meanings.
The lexical ambiguity of the sentence is caused by the two homonyms, with two different meanings.
In what way is a polysemous word related to lexical ambiguity?
The lexical ambiguity of the sentence is caused by one ambiguous word, with two slightly different but closely related meanings.
The lexical ambiguity of the sentence is caused by the two polysemous words, with two different meanings.
Is the following statement true or false?“Changing the sentence structure is one possible way to paraphrase sentence”
check_box True
False
Is the following statement true or false?“Context can tell us what proposition has been actually expressed.”
check_box True
False
Is the following statement true or false?“Hyponymic relations between words result in a great number of one-way entailments.”
check_box True
False
Is the following statement true or false?“If X entails Y and Y entails Z, then X entails Z.”
check_box True
False
Is the following statement true or false?“Paraphrases are one-way entailments.”
check_box False
True
Is the following statement true or false?“Relational pairs of antonyms contribute to one-way entailments.”
check_box False
True
Is the following statement true or false?“The role of context is to make the utterance more ambiguous.”
check_box False
True
Is the following statement true or false?“To provide a paraphrase we use our knowledge of both the meanings of individual words and of the English grammar.”
check_box True
False
Is the following statement true or false?“Utterances express the speaker’s feeling rather than describing a state of affairs.”
check_box True
False
Look at the explanation of lexical ambiguity in of the underlined word and decide whether it is caused by polysemy or homonymy.She cannot bear children.Meaning 1: She cannot have children.Meaning 2: She cannot tolerate children.
Homonymy
Polysemy
Look at the explanation of lexical ambiguity in of the underlined word and decide whether it is caused by polysemy or homonymy.The cat sat on the mat.Meaning 1: The cat sat on a carpet.Meaning 2: The cat sat on the hot pad.
Homonymy
Polysemy
Look at the explanation of lexical ambiguity in of the underlined word and decide whether it is caused by polysemy or homonymy.The cat sat on the mat.Meaning 1: The cat sat on a carpet.Meaning 2: The cat sat on the hot pad.
homonymy
polysemy
Look at the explanation of lexical ambiguity in of the underlined word and decide whether it is caused by polysemy or homonymy.They passed the port at night.Meaning one: They went by the harbor at night.Meaning two: They delivered the Portuguese wine at night.
Homonymy
Polysemy
Look at the following utterance and state whether it is intended to be taken literally: During a heated argument: ‘Don’t bite my head off!’
No
Yes
Look at the following utterance and state whether it is intended to be taken literally: Hungry person at the dinner table: ‘I could eat a horse!’
No
Yes
Look at the following utterance and state whether it is intended to be taken literally:Tired traveler: ‘This suitcase is killing me’.
No
Yes
Look at the sentence an select the best option to fill in the blank. I will be on your ...
Edge
Edge and side can be used interchangeably
Side
Look at the sentence an select the best option to fill in the blank. Photography is not … in this area
Allowed
Permitted
Permitted and allowed can be used interchangeably
Look at the sentence an select the best option to fill in the blank. The Thames is a ... river.
both “broad” and “wide” can be used
broad
wide
Look at the sentence an select the best option to fill in the blank. This house is at the … of the forest.
Edge
Edge and side can be used interchangeably
Side
Mark the following statement true or false Alive means the opposite of dead
False
True
Mark the following statement true or false The pragmatic meaning of “I'm so hungry, I could eat a horse” is “I’m very hungry.”
False
True
Mark the following statement true or falseBuy has an opposite meaning from sell.
False
True
Open-Class Words are included into …
Empty words
Full words
Saying “pass away” instead of “die” is an example of …
Euphemism
Metaphor
Metonymy
Taboo
Select the best option to complete the idiom:The small amount of money donated is just a drop in the _______
check_box ocean
milk
water
Select the best option to fill in the blank:My watch was out of _________. Could you have the time ?
Money
Order
Reach
Work
Select the best option to fill in the blank:You have 2 days to ______ a decision whether to go or not.
Carry
Do
Make
Take
Select the sentence with the form of N – V – PP which is an activity.
check_box Liam learns at home.
Liam is good at learning.
Liam learns well
Select the word that is different from others.German - Russia - England - Scotland - France
England
France
German
Russia
Scotland
Select the word that is different from others.good - nice - friendly - kind - bad
Bad
Friendly
Good
Kind
Nice
Select the word that is different from others.jump - run - red - write - read
Jump
Read
Red
Run
Write
Select the word that is different from others.jump - run - red - write - read
check_box red
jump
read
run
write
Select the word that is different from others.postman - doctor - hospital - secretary - nurse
Doctor
Hospital
Nurse
Postman
Secretary
Select the word that is different from others.shoe - skirt - shirt - suit - smart
Shirt
Shoe
Skirt
Smart
Suit
Select the word that is different from others.Thursday - November - December - May - April
April
December
May
November
Thursday
Select the word that is different from others.two - seven - twenty - first - one
First
One
Seven
Twenty
Two
Select the word that is different from others.two - seven - twenty - first - one
check_box first
one
seven
twenty
two
State what semantic features are shared by the (a) words and the (b) words:(a) table, pencil, cup, house, ship, car(b) milk, tea, wine, beer, water, soft drink
They are [+abstract] and [+solid]
They are [+concrete] and [+liquid]
They are [+inanimate] and [+concrete]
The case in which “space” meant ''extension" and now it means "the limitless expanses, outer space, cosmos" is an example of … of semantic change
Extra linguistic causes
Linguistic causes
Psychological causes
The fact that father and dad differ in terms of connotation rather than denotation is an example of …
Antonymy
Homonymy
Polysemy
Sỵnonymy
The following case belongs to …horn‘a structure projecting from the head of an animal’‘a musical instrument’
homonymy
polysemy
The following pair is an example of … wind (n, a current of air) and wind (v, to empower a clock)
Antonymy
Homonymy
Polysemy
Sỵnonymy
The following pair is an example of …monitor (n, a pupil who assists a teacher) and monitor (n, a device that receives video signals from a computer)
Antonymy
Homonymy
Polysemy
Sỵnonymy
The neutral word in bold in the sentence “He is a bit overweight” can be replaced by a synonym that has a negative connotation, which is …
Fat
Plump
The neutral word in bold in the sentence “I want to join that group” can be replaced by a synonym that has a positive connotation, which is …
Class
Club
The referent of the phrase the present President of the United States used in 2008 is George W. Bush, and in 1996 is Bill Clinton. Therefore, we can say that the phrase the present President of the United States has …
Co- referent
Constant referent
Variable referent
The relations existing between items of different grammatical categories are called …
Combinatorial relations
Substitutional relations
The relations existing between members of the same grammatical category are called …
Combinatorial relations
Substitutional relations
The sentence “Colorless green ideas sleep furiously” are considered …
Semantically anomalous
Semantically compatible
The sentences in the following pair are paraphrases of each other. Identify the way employed to paraphrase them.(a) I bought a book. (b) A book was bought by me.
check_box Changing sentence structure
Changing both individual words and sentence structure
Changing individual words by using relational antonyms
Changing individual words by using synonyms
The sentences in the following pair are paraphrases of each other. Identify the way employed to paraphrase them.(a) I’ll LOOK FOR that book right now.(b) I’ll SEEK FOR that book at once.
check_box Changing individual words by using synonyms
Changing both individual words and sentence structure
Changing individual words by using relational antonyms
Changing sentence structure
The sentences in the following pair are paraphrases of each other. Identify the way employed to paraphrase them.(a) John is the parent of James.(b) James is the child of John
check_box Changing individual words by using relational antonyms
Changing both individual words and sentence structure
Changing individual words by using synonyms
Changing sentence structure
The sentences in the following pair are paraphrases of each other. Identify the way employed to paraphrase them.(a) Steve HUGGED Jane.(b) Jane WAS HUGGED by Steve.
check_box Changing sentence structure
Changing both individual words and sentence structure
Changing individual words by using relational antonyms
Changing individual words by using synonyms
The sentences in the following pair are paraphrases of each other. Identify the way employed to paraphrase them.(a) The laser has a wide variety of applications.(b) As we have seen, the use of the laser is numerous
check_box Changing both individual words and sentence structure
Changing individual words by using relational antonyms
Changing individual words by using synonyms
Changing sentence structure
The sentences in the following pair are paraphrases of each other. Identify the way employed to paraphrase them.(a) The nearest service station is 50 miles away. (b) It is 50 miles to the nearest service station.
check_box Changing sentence structure
Changing both individual words and sentence structure
Changing individual words by using relational antonyms
Changing individual words by using synonyms
The statement “a part or aspect of a person, object, etc. is meant to refer to the whole person, object, etc.” refers to …
Irony
Personification
Simile
Synecdoche
The statement “A thousand thanks are for your kindness.” is an example of …
Hyperbole
Litotes
Metaphor
Synecdoche
The statement “Always remember that she is no fool.” is an example of …
Hyperbole
Litotes
Metaphor
Simile
The statement “He is a man of seventy winters.” is an example of …
Euphemism
Metaphor
Simile
Synecdoche
The statement “He is the best pen of the day.” is an example of …
Metaphor
Metonymy
Simile
Synecdoche
The statement “His words stabbed at her heart.” is an example of …
Hyperbole
Metaphor
Metonymy
Synecdoche
The statement “implied or indirect comparisons which have a variety of figurative meanings through their endless use” refers to …
Dead metaphor
Faded metaphor
Living metaphor
The statement “It is not bad.” is an example of …
Hyperbole
Litotes
Metaphor
Simile
The statement “the imitation of natural sounds by means of words or groups of words” refers to …
Hyperbole
Metonymy
Onomatopoeia
Simile
The statement “The pen has more influence than the sword.” is an example of …
Euphemism
Metonymy
Personification
Simile
The statement “the use of deliberately gentler, milder or weaker statements to express something in a controlled way” refers to …
Hyperbole
Irony
Litotes
Simile
The statement “Tom eats like a horse.” is an example of …
Metaphor
Metonymy
Simile
Synecdoche
The statement “What a lovely day it was! Everything I had went wrong.” is an example of …
Euphemism
Hyperbole
Irony
Litotes
The use of "restroom" for "toilet" or the use of "African-American" instead of "black, coloured" examples of … of semantic change
Extra linguistic causes
Linguistic causes
Psychological causes
The word “is” in the sentence “The long drill is boring” is a full word or an empty word?
Empty words
Full words
The word “sphere” in the sentence “We like the sphere” is a full word or an empty word?
Empty words
Full words
The word “the” in the sentence “The long drill is boring” is a full word or an empty word?
Empty words
Full words
The word pair “big – small” is an example of …
Antonymy
Homonymy
Polysemy
Sỵnonymy
The words “few, fewer, fewest” are examples of …
Different forms of the word will share the same lexical meaning, but different grammatical meanings.
Different words may share the same grammatical meanings but different lexical meanings.
The words “rich, richer, richest” are examples of …
Different forms of the word will share the same lexical meaning, but different grammatical meanings.
Different words may share the same grammatical meanings but different lexical meanings.
The words “walk, run, skip, jump, hop, swim” are examples of …
Different forms of the word will share the same lexical meaning, but different grammatical meanings.
Different words may share the same grammatical meanings but different lexical meanings.
WCan different words share the same grammatical meanings but have different lexical meanings?
No
Yes
What are the common features of man and boy
[+ADULT] [+HUMAN]
[+FEMALE] [+HUMAN]
[+MALE] [+HUMAN]
What are the common features of man and woman
[+ADULT] [+HUMAN]
[+FEMALE] [+HUMAN]
[+MALE] [+HUMAN]
What are the common features of woman and girl
[+ADULT] [+HUMAN]
[+FEMALE] [+HUMAN]
[+MALE] [+HUMAN]
What are the semantic features of the word seafood
[+COMMON] [+COUNT] [+CONCRETE] [+COLLECTIVE]
[+COMMON] [–COUNT] [+CONCRETE] [+COLLECTIVE]
What is intended by the word mean in the following sentence?“Daddy, what does ‘unique’ mean?”
Reference
Sense
What is intended by the word means in the following sentence?“Whenever my father talks about his favourite possession, he means that old leather wallet.”
Reference
Sense
What is intended by the word meant in the following sentence?“When Helen mentioned “the fruit cake”, she meant that rock-hard object in the middle of the table.”
Reference
Sense
What is the sense relations between the two underlined words in the following sentence?Mike gave Lily a rose yesterday. The flower is beautiful.
Hyponymy
Meronymy
What sense relation holds between the two sentences in following pair?(a) Jane is a spinster.(b) Jane is married.
check_box (A) and (b) contradict each other.
(A) and (b) are the paraphrases of each other.
(A) entails (b).
What sense relation holds between the two sentences in following pair?(a) Jim is fatter than Ed and Ed is fatter than Bob.(b) Jim is fatter than Bob.
check_box (A) entails (b).
(A) and (b) are the paraphrases of each other.
(A) and (b) contradict each other.
What sense relation holds between the two sentences in following pair?(a) Some of the students came to my party.(b) Not all of the students came to my party.
check_box (A) and (b) are the paraphrases of each other.
(A) and (b) contradict each other.
(A) entails (b).
What sense relation holds between the two sentences in following pair?(a) The beetle is alive.(b) The beetle is dead.
check_box (A) and (b) contradict each other.
(A) and (b) are the paraphrases of each other.
(A) entails (b).
What sense relation holds between the two sentences in following pair?(a) The fly was over the wall.(b) The wall was under the fly.
check_box (A) and (b) are the paraphrases of each other.
(A) and (b) contradict each other.
(A) entails (b).
What sense relation holds between the two sentences in following pair?(a) The fly was over the wall.(b) The wall was under the fly.
check_box (a) and (b) are the paraphrases of each other.
(a) and (b) contradict each other.
(a) entails (b).
When one linguistic expression refers to one and the same referent, it has …
Constant reference
Co-reference
Variable reference
When the same linguistic expression refers to different referents, it has …
Constant reference
Co-reference
Variable reference
When two or more linguistic expressions share the same referent, it has …
Constant reference
Co-reference
Variable reference
Which answer is a correct antonym for “destroy”?
Create
Divide
Do
Which answer is a correct antonym for “lazy”?
check_box active
confident
intelligent
Which answer is a correct synonym for “casual”?
Informal
Offical
Usual
Which connotation does “childlike” have, positive, negative, or neutral?
Negative
Neutral
Positive
Which connotation does “cute” have, positive, negative, or neutral?
negative
neutral
positive
Which connotation does “house” have, positive, negative, or neutral?
Negative
Neutral
Positive
Which connotation does “pushy” have, positive, negative, or neutral?
Negative
Neutral
Positive
Which group of sense relation do “odd” and “unusual” belong to?
Antonymic group
Synonymic group
Which groups express the sense relation whereby words are related by having the opposite meaning?
Antonymic groups
Synonymic groups
Which has the closest meaning of (1)?He means well.
He is the meaning of well.
He is the sign of well.
He is well-intentioned, that he intends no harm.
Which is CORRECT about semantics?
The objective of linguistics is the meaning of language.
The objective of semantics is the literal meaning of language.
The objective of semantics is the non-literal meaning of language.
The objective of semantics is the speaker’s meaning.
Which is the same semantic feature found in the following words?book, letter, encyclopaedia, novel, notebook, dictionary
[-Animate]
[-Concrete]
[-Things to read or write]
Which is the same semantic feature found in the following words?book, letter, encyclopaedia, novel, notebook, dictionary
[-animate]
[-concrete]
[-things to read or write]
Which is the same semantic feature found in the following words?Doctor, engineer, teacher, physicist, chemist, tailor, hairdresser
[+Male]
[+Paternal]
[+Professional]
Which is the same semantic feature found in the following words?milk, tea, wine, beer, water, soft drink
[+Abstract]
[+Animate]
[+Liquid]
Which is the same semantic feature found in the following words?Mother, father, son, daughter, brother, sister, grandparent, aunt, uncle
[+Kinship]
[+Paternal]
[+Professional]
Which kind of meaning does the following statement refer to?It is the basic literal meaning conveyed by its particular words and structure(s).
check_box locutionary meaning
illocutionary meaning
Which kind of meaning does the following statement refer to?It is the effect the utterance might have on the hearer.
check_box illocutionary meaning
locutionary meaning
Which of the following belongs to Closed-Class Words?
Adjectives
Nouns
Prepositions
Verbs
Which of the following belongs to Open-Class Words?
Adverbs
Auxiliary verbs
Conjunctions
Prepositions
Which of the following can be loud or quiet?
check_box Utterances
Propositions
Sentences
Which of the following consists of an idiom?
A picture is worth 1000 words
The picture is valuable.
Which of the following does not belong to any particular languages?
Propositions
Sentences
Utterances
Which of the following has the closest meaning to “Smiths means well”?
Smith is the sign of well
Smith is well-intentioned.
Which of the following has the closest meaning to “That skull-and-cross-bones means danger”?
The image of skull-and-cross-bones is the sign of danger.
The skull-and-cross-bones had plans to endanger other people.
Which of the following is an example of neutral connotation?
Mom
Witch
Woman
Which of the following is an example of positive connotation?
Fat
Overweight
Plump
Which of the following is empty word?
A
Run
Sole
Time
Which of the following is empty word?
can
run
sole
time
Which of the following is full word?
For
My
Planned
The
Which of the following is NOT an aspect included in Semantics?
Non-literal meaning
Sentence meaning
Utterance meaning
Word meaning (or, to be precise, lexical meaning)
Which of the following is NOT an aspect of SEMANTICS?
Pragmatic meaning
Sentence meaning
Utterance meaning
Word meaning
Which of the following is NOT true about semantics?
Semantics is the study of words and their meanings within language placed within context.
Semantics limited to the relationship between words.
Semantics looks at the literal meanings of words.
Which of the following is the correct definition of “reference”?
A relationship between a particular object in the world and an expression used to pick that word out
A relationship between expressions and other expressions which have the same meaning
The set of all objects which can potentially be referred to by an expression
Which of the following is the definition of a contradictory sentence?
check_box The sentence that is necessarily FALSE, as a result of the senses of the words in it.
The sentence that is necessarily TRUE, as a result of the senses of the words in it.
The sentence that is NOT analytic, but may be either true or false, depending on the way the world is.
Which of the following is the definition of a synthetic sentence?
check_box The sentence that is NOT analytic, but may be either true or false, depending on the way the world is.
The sentence that is necessarily FALSE, as a result of the senses of the words in it.
The sentence that is necessarily TRUE, as a result of the senses of the words in it.
Which of the following is the definition of an analytic sentence?
check_box The sentence that is necessarily TRUE, as a result of the senses of the words in it
The sentence may be either true or false, depending on the way the world is.
The sentence that is necessarily FALSE, as a result of the senses of the words in it.
Which of the following is the definition of connotation?
The additional meaning that the word has beyond its denotative meaning. It shows people's emotions and/or attitudes towards what the word refers to.
The core, central or referential meaning of the word found in a dictionary
Which of the following is the definition of denotation?
The additional meaning that the word has beyond its denotative meaning. It shows people's emotions and/or attitudes towards what the word refers to.
The core, central or referential meaning of the word found in a dictionary
Which of the following is the definition of denotation?
the additional meaning that the word has beyond its denotative meaning. It shows people's emotions and/or attitudes towards what the word refers to.
the core, central or referential meaning of the word found in a dictionary
Which of the following is the definition of metonymy?
a part or aspect of a person, object, etc. is meant to refer to the whole person, object, etc.
the substitution of the name of one thing for that of another to which it is related/with which it is associated
the use of deliberately gentler, milder or weaker statements to express something in a controlled way
Which of the following is the definition of reference?
An object or an entity in the real world or in the world of your imagination that is talked about.
The internal relationship between that word or expression and others in the vocabulary of a language.
The relationship between that word or expression and the thing, the action, the event, the quality, etc. it refers to.
Which of the following is the example of euphemism?
He worked and worked until he breathed his last.
I’ve told you a thousand times not to touch that again
There was a storm in Parliament last night.
Which of the following is the example of hyperbole?
It is amazing what a great mind he is.
Research says that these methods are best.
Right at this minute, I could drink a barrel of water without stopping.
Which of the following is the example of metaphor?
I’ve told you a thousand times not to touch that again.
There was a storm in Parliament last night.
We now live under the same roof
Which of the following is the example of simile?
A thousand thanks are for your kindness.
Alice came in gently, like a May breeze.
Susie is a picture of loveliness in her new dress.
Which of the following is the example of synecdoche?
Give every man thine ears, bid a few thy voice.
I walked past the big sad mouth which didn’t know what to say then.
We are tired to death of such movies.
Which of the following is the example of synecdoche?
It is amazing what a great mind he is.
Research says that these methods are best.
Right at this minute, I could drink a barrel of water without stopping.
Which of the following is the features of the word bank (building)
[+COMMON] [+COUNT] [+CONCRETE] [–ANIMATE]
[+COMMON] [+COUNT] [+CONCRETE] [–ANIMATE]
Which of the following is the features of the word response (reaction)
[+COMMON] [-COUNT] [+CONCRETE]
[+COMMON] [–COUNT] [–CONCRETE]
Which of the following is true about semantics?
Semantics is the study of words and their meanings within language placed within context.
Semantics looks at the literal meanings of words.
Semantics looks the intended meaning of words.
Which of the following is true about substitutional relations?
They describe the relationship between words that can be substituted for words with the different word class.
They describe the relationship between words that can be substituted for words with the same word class.
Which of the following statements is true about SEMANTICS?
Semantics is context-dependent
Semantics is context-independent
Which of the following word pair is an example of absolute homonym?
Bank (n, a financial institution) – bank (n, the shore of a river)
Wind (n, a current of air) and wind (v, to empower a clock)
Which of the following word pair is an example of binary antonyms?
Alive – dead
Buy – sell
Come – go
Which of the following word pair is an example of euphemism?
House - slum
Policeman - cop
The poor – the underprivileged
Which part of speech introduces noun phrases and function as modifiers?
Adjectives
Adverbs
Nouns
Verbs
Which part of speech modifies a verb - adds circumstantial information (of time, place, manner etc.)?
Adjectives
Adverbs
Nouns
Verbs
Which part of speech refers to physical phenomena (concrete) or to states, events, occasions, etc. (abstract)?
Adjectives
Adverbs
Nouns
Verbs
Which presents the semantic material for building the lexical meaning and the theme in the text?
Empty words
Full words
Which sense relations do “Car” and “Mercedes” belong to?
Hyponymy
Meronymy
Which sense relations do “cow” and “mammal” belong to?
check_box Hyponymy
Meronymy
Which sense relations do “finger” and “hand” belong to?
Hyponymy
Meronymy
Which term does the following definition refer to?“A relationship that applies between two sentences, where the truth of one implies the truth of the other because of the meanings of the words involved.”
check_box Entailment
Paraphrase
Which term does the following definition refer to?“The relationship between a word and a combination of other words with the same meaning; the whole project of describing or explaining word-meanings depends on paraphrase because we must use words — or other equivalent symbols — to explain other words”
check_box Paraphrase
Entailment
Which term does the following statement refer to?“It occurs due to hyponymic relations between words, where the truth of one sentence implies the truth of another sentence but not vice versa.”
check_box One-way entailment
Two-way entailment
Which term does the following statement refer to?“The entailments between a pair of sentences are mutual since the truth of either sentence guarantees the truth of the other.”
check_box Two-way entailment
One-way entailment
Which term refers to “an object or an entity in the real world or in the world of your imagination that is talked about”?
Connotation
Denotation
Referent
Sense
Which term refers to “the ability of a word to identify all those things or objects that are correctly covered by it”?
Connotation
Denotation
Referent
Sense
Which term refers to “the internal relationship between that word or expression and others in the vocabulary of a language”?
Connotation
Denotation
Referent
Sense
Which term refers to “the relationship that holds between a word or expression and the objects it refers to”?
Connotation
Reference
Referent
Sense
Which type of antonyms do good – bad belong to?
Binary antonym
Directional antonym
Gradable antonym
Relational antonym
Which type of antonyms do up – down belong to?
Binary antonym
Directional antonym
Gradable antonym
Relational antonym
Which type of closed class words introduces noun phrases and function as modifiers?
Determiners
Enumerators
Interjections
Prepositions
Which type of closed class words links words between phrases and clauses?
Adverbs
Auxiliary verbs
Conjunctions
Prepositions
Which type of homonyms do air - heir belong to?
Full homonyms
Homographs
Homophones
Which type of presupposition does the following example refer to?‘‘Children like all the pictures in this book very much.’
check_box The existential presupposition
The counter-factual presupposition
The lexical presupposition
The non-factive presupposition
The structural presupposition
Which type of presupposition does the following example refer to?‘Ed realized/didn't realize that he was in debt.’
check_box The factive presupposition
The counter-factual presupposition
The existential presupposition
The lexical presupposition
The structural presupposition
Which type of presupposition does the following example refer to?‘I was aware that she was married.’
check_box The factive presupposition
The counter-factual presupposition
The lexical presupposition
The non-factive presupposition
The structural presupposition
Which type of presupposition does the following example refer to?‘If you were my friend, you’d have helped me.’
check_box The counter-factual presupposition
The existential presupposition
The lexical presupposition
The non-factive presupposition
The structural presupposition
Which type of presupposition does the following example refer to?‘It is odd how proud he was.’
check_box The structural presupposition
The counter-factual presupposition
The existential presupposition
The lexical presupposition
The non-factive presupposition
Which type of presupposition does the following example refer to?‘Jim wants more popcorn.’
check_box The lexical presupposition
The counter-factual presupposition
The existential presupposition
The non-factive presupposition
The structural presupposition
Which type of presupposition does the following example refer to?‘She pretended that he had understood what she meant.’
check_box The non-factive presupposition
The counter-factual presupposition
The existential presupposition
The lexical presupposition
The structural presupposition
Which type of presupposition does the following example refer to?‘This is my youngest sister.’
check_box The existential presupposition
The counter-factual presupposition
The lexical presupposition
The non-factive presupposition
The structural presupposition
Which type of presupposition does the following example refer to?‘We imagined that we were in Hawaii.’
check_box The non-factive presupposition
The counter-factual presupposition
The existential presupposition
The lexical presupposition
The structural presupposition
Which type of presupposition does the following example refer to?‘You're late again.’
check_box The lexical presupposition
The counter-factual presupposition
The existential presupposition
The non-factive presupposition
The structural presupposition
Which type of presupposition does the following example refer to?“When did he leave?”
check_box The structural presupposition
The counter-factual presupposition
The existential presupposition
The lexical presupposition
The non-factive presupposition
Which type of presupposition does the following formation refer to?A clause with a modal perfect verb form => a complete statement
check_box The counter-factual presupposition
The factive presupposition
The lexical presupposition
The non-factive presupposition
The structural presupposition
Which type of presupposition does the following formation refer to?A definite NP => a complete statementThere is/was/are/were (not)+ an indefinite NP (+adjunct of place)There exist/exists/existed+ an indefinite NP (+adjunct of place)
check_box The existential presupposition
The factive presupposition
The lexical presupposition
The non-factive presupposition
The structural presupposition
Which type of presupposition does the following formation refer to?A definite NP => an indefinite NP
check_box The existential presupposition
The factive presupposition
The lexical presupposition
The non-factive presupposition
The structural presupposition
Which type of presupposition does the following formation refer to?A possessive noun phrase (abbreviated to NP)=> a complete statement: X had/has/will have + an indefinite NP
check_box The existential presupposition
The factive presupposition
The lexical presupposition
The non-factive presupposition
The structural presupposition
Which type of presupposition does the following formation refer to?A Wh- embedded clause => a complete statement
check_box The structural presupposition
The counter-factual presupposition
The factive presupposition
The lexical presupposition
The non-factive presupposition
Which type of presupposition does the following formation refer to?A Wh-question => a complete statement
check_box The structural presupposition
The counter-factual presupposition
The factive presupposition
The lexical presupposition
The non-factive presupposition
Which type of presupposition does the following formation refer to?An embedded clause after ‘wish’ => a complete statement
check_box The counter-factual presupposition
The factive presupposition
The lexical presupposition
The non-factive presupposition
The structural presupposition
Which type of presupposition does the following utterance refer to?‘I try to hand in this assignment on time.’
check_box The existential presupposition
The counter-factual presupposition
The lexical presupposition
The non-factive presupposition
The structural presupposition
Which type of sense relations describe the relationship between words that are interchangeable and belong to the same category?
Combinatorial relations
Substitutional relations
Which type of sense relations focuses on how the position and word order affect the meaning of a sentence?
Combinatorial relations
Substitutional relations
Which type of speech acts does the following statement refer to? “This type describes a state of affairs in the world: asserting, stating, claiming, affirming, making hypotheses, describing, predicting, reporting, etc.”
check_box Representative
Commissive
Declarative
Directive
Expressive
Rotative
Which type of speech acts does the following statement refer to? “This type indicates the speaker's psychological state(s) or feeling(s)/ attitude(s) about something: greeting, apologizing, complaining, thanking, etc.”
check_box Expressive
Commissive
Declarative
Directive
Representative
Rotative
Which type of speech acts does the following statement refer to?“This type changes the world by bringing about or altering the state of affairs it names: dismissing, sentencing, naming, announcing marriage, etc.”
check_box Declarative
Commissive
Directive
Expressive
Representative
Rotative
Which type of speech acts does the following statement refer to?“This type commits the speaker to a course of action: promising, vowing, threatening, offering, etc.”
check_box Commissive
Declarative
Directive
Expressive
Representative
Rotative
Which type of speech acts does the following statement refer to?“This type intends to get the listener to carry out an action: commanding, requesting, begging, warning, challenging, inviting, suggesting, giving advice, etc.”
check_box Directive
Commissive
Declarative
Expressive
Representative
Rotative
Which type of synonyms do glance and look belong to?
Phraseological synonyms
Semantic synonyms
Stylistic synonyms
Territorial synonyms
Which type of synonyms do sidewalk and pavement belong to?
Phraseological synonyms
Semantic synonyms
Stylistic synonyms
Territorial synonyms
Which type of synonyms do the two verbs dismiss – sack belong to?
Semantic synonyms
Semantic-stylistic synonyms
Stylistic synonyms
Territorial synonyms
Which type of synonyms do the two verbs do – make belong to?
Phraseological synonyms
Semantic synonyms
Stylistic synonyms
Territorial synonyms
Which type of synonyms do the two verbs lift – raise belong to?
Phraseological synonyms
Semantic synonyms
Stylistic synonyms
Territorial synonyms
Why is the following sentence semantically anomalous?My brother is an only child.
brother is [+having at least one sibling] while an only child is [+having no other sibling]
brother is [male] while an only child is [+having no other sibling]
Why is the following sentence semantically anomalous?The bachelor is pregnant.
Bachelor is [+male] whereas pregnant is [+female]
Bachelor is [-married] whereas pregnant is [+married]
WWhich is CORRECT about semantics?
Semantics is the study of an independent subject.
Semantics is the study of language meaning.
Semantics is the study of language use.
Semantics is the study of language.
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